3 generic strategy Essay

Michael porter developed 3 generic strategies: cost leadership, differentiation and focus. They are developed to create a defendable position in the long-run, outperforming competition and establish a competitive advantage. However does the generic strategy lead to sustainable competitive strategy? This analysis will explain in detail. Cost leadership means setting out to become the low-cost producer of its industry. Each industry is different and provides with diverse problems. Cost leadership can come from many different forms such as: pursuit of economies of scale, proprietary technology, preferential access to raw materials and other factors. The emphasis is on lower costs, not on low selling prices. For a cost leader to be effective it is imperative that it needs to exploit all sources of cost to its advantage. If a firm can execute this it will automatically sustain overall cost leadership and therefore outperform in its industry and dominate prices. In a differentiation strate gy a firm intention and desire is to be unique in its industry. â€Å"It selects one or more attributes that many buyers in an industry perceive as important, and uniquely positions itself to meet those needs† (Michael E Porter). This distinctive uniqueness is rewarded by a premium price that the firm can set. Been differentiation doesn’t have to be substantial. It can be as simple as having the best customer service. Differentiation may lead to profitability but doesn’t always guarantee the lead in the market share. Focus strategy emphases on a selected segment or group of segments within the industry and adapts its strategy to serving them to the exclusion of others. This focus strategy has two variants; cost focus and differentiation focus. Cost focus deals when a firm wants a cost advantage in its market. Differentiation focus deals with seeking differentiation within its target segment. A generic strategy does not lead to sustainable competitive advantage. This is because the â€Å"sustainability of the 3 generic strategies demands that a firm competitive advantage resists erosion by competition behaviour or industry evolution† (Michael E Porter). Each of the 3 generic portrays different risk. Competitor can imitate each of the moves or even ameliorate them and gain considerable advantage. They can also exploit a gap that may potentially arise when a company tries to differentiate itself. For a company to gain full competitive advantage it will need to possess some barriers that make this imitation almost impossible. The three generic  strategies can create competitive advantage can or destroy a business if not implemented correctly. If a firm concentrate its effort on picking one only it will have more chance of surviving than one that picks many. Firms who pick more than one of the generic strategy can be described as â€Å"stuck in the middle† (Mi chael E Porter). A firm stuck in the middle is guaranteed to possess no competitive advantage, low profitability, and can have its market share taking by firms who are competitive advantaged. It is particularly important for any firm to choose a correct strategy and implement it well. Reference: Business Strategy: The Three Generic Strategies: http://drjerryallison.hubpages.com/hub/Business-Strategy-The-Three-Generic-Strategies Accessed the 25th of March 2014. Definition of ‘Generic Strategies: http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/generic-strategies Accessed the 25th of March 2014. Porter’s Generic Competitive Strategies (ways of competing): http://www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/research/dstools/porters-generic-competitive-strategies/ Accessed the 25th of March 2014. Michael E porter, Competitive advantage, Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, published: New York: free Press; London: Collier Macmillan. Pages: 11-26 Michael Porter’s â€Å"Generic Strategies†: http://faculty.bcitbusiness.ca/kevinw/4800/Bobs_porter_notes.pdf Accessed the 25th of March 2014.

Feminism Philosophy Essay

At the onset, Valerie Solana’s SCUM Manifesto is a work that was clearly addressed to male species which she regarded as accidental a â€Å"biological accident. † The first two paragraphs of her work reveal her deep resentment on the role of men and women in the society. The last part of the first paragraph reflects her strong rejection of the male sex. Solanas identifies male in various ways but all describing the male as an undesirable species. To her, to be male is something that a man should be ashamed of and maleness is a dearth, a disease and that males are emotionally limited. She said male is completely an â€Å"isolated unit† and everything that he has in himself is nothing but a tool that he use to fulfill his drives and needs. Her work also reflect a seemingly an almost bitter feeling towards men. She used strong and very offending sentences emphasizing on the males’ purportedly many in capabilities including relationship except of his physical sensation. However, the male according to her is capable Solano’s obvious hatred to the male sex was also expressed in the way she describes how a male expresses himself. She described the male’s behavior as physically passive but then he does not like it. He expressed his frustration of his own passivity by screwing a woman he despises. She said the male project his passivity by projecting it onto women and by screwing. Overall, Valerie Solano’s work was an expression of her sentiments on the role between the male and the female in which she downgraded the role of the male species as concerns only of him self, but she gratifies women for her unselfish role. Solano stated that while mother cares for what is best for her children, the father only wants what is best for him. She was a man hater. In contrast with the work of Solano, Fry’s work is more objective although she also urges that women should detach themselves from the world of males and male dominated institution. This separation according to Fry is of various sorts which must includes institutions, relationships, roles and activities that are male dominated. Fry’s work reflects a more meaningful feminist opinion as she discussed important feminist issues leading to their objective of achieving liberation from the male dominance world. While Solano strongly reject the male describing him as incapable, emotionally weak, a disease, and so forth all maligning the male sex, Fry was more objective in a sense that she also put her feet on the other’s shoes. Though a real feminist and also a staunch advocate of the separation from male dominance, she described women’s role in the context of the traditional notion that men are the provider and the protector of women. Fry cited the notion of parasitism of the male and female in terms of family matters. But she insists that the parasitism â€Å"goes the other way around. † It is the male that is parasites to females’ because men are pathetic and used up by living by their own. In general, although both women were against the existing arrangement of the roles of men and women in the society, Solano was very radical in her views about the males’ role and the male as a person to the point that she appeared being a man-hater. Fry on the other hand, was more objective although she also deplored the male as weak and parasites to women. But unlike Solano’s views of the male which is very personal and very negative, Fry’s opinion reflects a carefully weigh ideas regarding the issues involving the role of men and women which in the perspective of feminist like them are offensive and binding to women. Is having a maid morally wrong? What are BARBARA Ehrenreich’s reasons for thinking so? Is correct? Why or why not? In my own opinion, having a maid is not morally wrong as long as they are not treated fairly, are not abused, and given just compensation. In the contexts of the employers, maids should not be viewed as slaves rather they should be considered as worker or even employees. Ong (2006) was right in her assessment that having a domestic helper or two is part of the â€Å"bargain with two-income families† (p. 201). Ong noted that a high standard of living is considered impossible â€Å"without one or even two foreign maids to take care of the household chores as well as of children or the elderly† (p. 201). Thus, having a maid at home should be considered as a social right, just like access to better schools, housing, shopping malls, and leisure. However, in the context of the families of these maids, to be maid in a foreign country is a source of hope on their economic miseries. Most of the families these maids came from are poor and the best option for them to survive is for their daughter to get employment overseas. In other words, hiring maids meant helping those families. Unfortunately, there are always people who discriminate others. They tend to abuse their domestic servants by giving them unequal and unfair treatment. According to the Human Rights Watch, many domestic helpers complain of abusive treatments such as not providing them enough food, longer working hours, and racist behavior. These are what is morally wrong and not the hiring of domestic helpers. Barbara Ehrenreich’s thinking about having maids at home On the other hand, Barbara Ehrenreich noted the movement of women around the world and draws a comparison that for every women executive who travels, large number of women from the third world countries leave their families to work as domestic servants in the first world countries. For Ehrenreich, this mass exodus of women is morally wrong because it results in odd displacements. Ehrenreich cited the facts that while these women carry with them the warmth of the female energy into the wealthy country that hired them; this is usually at the expense of their families left behind. Their absent deprive their families of her care which she willingly offer to the families that need her services abroad. For Ehrenreich, having domestic helpers harm one’s moral character and she calls on her readers not hire maids to clean the house. Ehrenreich argued having domestic servants clean the house is not good for the family especially the children. While Ehrenreich was more concern on are supposed to clean the house, which is usually done by the maids, she deplored that cleaning other people’s house is so gross and demeaning. While Ehrenreich may have a point, but this issue should not be seen as morally wrong rather it should viewed in the economic context. Having a maid is not morally wrong because it is a decent job for women who have fewer opportunities in life, especially those coming from very poor families in third world countries. As long as they are treated fairly and justly compensated, it is never morally wrong to employ somebody to do some jobs that one cannot do anymore. It is the most practical thing because it serves in two ways, it benefits the employer because they can concentrate in their work, and it benefits the maid because she will earn dollars for her family back home. Reference Fry, M. (1983) Some Reflection on Separatism and Power http://www. feminist-reprise. org/docs/fryesep. htm Ong, A. (2006) Neoliberalism as Exception USA: Duke University Press Solano, V. & Avital, R. (2004) SCUM Manifesto USA: Verso

Advance Paper 2

The CSSA accepts no liability for any reliance use or purpose related to these ‘Trial’ question papers. Advice on HSC examination issues is only to be obtained from the NSW Board of Studies. 5400-1 Section I – Module A: Comparative Study of Texts and Context 20 marks Attempt either Question 1 or Question 2 Allow about 40 minutes for this section Answer the question in a SEPARATE writing booklet. In your answer you will be assessed on how well you: †¢ demonstrate understanding of the meanings of a pair of texts when considered together †¢ evaluate the relationships between texts and contexts †¢ organise, develop and express ideas using language appropriate to audience, purpose and form Question 1 – Elective 1: Exploring Connections (20 marks) To what extent are texts enriched through their connection with other texts? Respond to this question in relation to the pair of prescribed texts that you have studied. The prescribed texts are: †¢ Shakespearean Drama and Film – William Shakespeare, King Richard III AND – Al Pacino, Lookingfor Richard †¢ Prose Fiction and Poetry – Patrick White, The Aunt’s Story AND – Rosemary Dobson, Selected Poems * Young Girl at a Window * Chance Met * Landscape in Italy * Azay-Le-Rideau * The Rape of Europa * Romantic * Primitive Painters Question 1 continues on page 3 Question 1 (continued) †¢ Prose Fiction and Nonfiction * Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice AND * Fay Weldon, Letters to Alice on First Reading Jane Austen †¢ Poetry and Drama * * * * * * * * * * John Donne, Selected Poetry Death be not proud This is my playes last scene At the round earths imagin ‘d corners blow If poisonous minerals Hymne to God my God, in my sicknesse A Valediction: forbidding mourning The Apparition TheRelique The Sunne Rising AND * Margaret Edson, W;t End of Question 1 In your answer you will be assessed on how well you: †¢ demonstrate understanding of the meanings of a pair of texts when considered together †¢ evaluate the relationships between texts and contexts †¢ organise, develop and express ideas using language appropriate to audience, purpose and form Question 2 – Elective 2: Texts in Time (20 marks) Compare the ways in which texts offer insights into the human experience. Respond to this statement in relation to the pair of prescribed texts that you have studied. The prescribed texts are: †¢ Prose Fiction and Film – Mary Shelley, Frankenstein AND – Ridley Scott, Blade Runner (Director’s Cut) †¢ Prose Fiction and Poetry – F Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby AND – Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Aurora Leigh and Other Poems – Sonnets I, XIII, XIV, XXI, XXII, XXVIII, XXXII, XLIII †¢ Drama and Nonfiction – Edward Albee, Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf AND – Virginia Woolf, A Room of One’s Own Section II – Module B: Critical Study of Texts 0 marks Attempt ONE question from Questions 3-7 Allow about 40 minutes for this section Answer the question in a SEPARATE writing booklet. In your answer you will be assessed on how well you: †¢ demonstrate an informed understanding of the ideas expressed in the text †¢ evaluate the text’s language, content and construction †¢ organise, develop and express ideas using language appropriate to audience, pu rpose and form Question 3 – Shakespearean Drama (20 marks) How is your personal response to Hamlet shaped by the interaction of characters in the play? William Shakespeare, Hamlet Question 4 – Prose Fiction (20 marks) (a) How is your personal response to In the Skin of a Lion shaped by the interaction of characters in the novel? Michael Ondaatje, In the Skin of a Lion OR (b) How is your personal response to Cloudstreet shaped by the interaction of characters in the novel? — Tim Winton, Cloudstreet OR (c) How is your personal response to Sixty Lights shaped by the interaction of characters in the novel? Gail Jones, Sixty Lights OR (d) How is your personal response to Jane Eyre shaped by the interaction of characters in the novel? Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre Please turn over In your answer you will be assessed on how well you: †¢ demonstrate an informed understanding of the ideas expressed in the text †¢ evaluate the text’s language, content and construction †¢ organise, develop and express ideas using language appropriate to audience, purpose and form Question 5 – Drama or Film (20 marks) (a) How is your personal response to A Doll’s House shaped by the interaction of characters in the play? Henrik Ibsen, A Doll’s House OR b) How is your personal response to Citizen Kane shaped by the interaction of characters in the film? Orson Welles, Citizen Kane Question 6 – Poetry (20 marks) (a) How is your personal response to the poetry of Yeats shaped by a perception of voice in the poems? In your answer, refer to THREE of the poems set for study. The prescribed poems are: William Butler Yeats, WB Yeats: Poems selected by Seamus Heaney * An Irish Airman * When You Are Old * Among School Children * The Wild Swans at Coole * Leda and the Swan * The Second Coming * Easter 1916 OR Question 6 continues on page 7 6 Question 6 (continued) (b) How is your personal response to the poetry of Harwood shaped by a perception of voice in the poems? In your answer, refer to THREE of the poems set for study. The prescribed poems are: Gwen Harwood, Selected Poems * Father and Child (Parts I II) * The Violets * At Mornington * A Valediction * Triste Triste * The Sharpness of Death * Mother Who Gave me Life OR (c) How is your personal response to the poetry of Slessor shaped by a perception of voice in the poems? In your answer, refer to THREE of the poems set for study. The prescribed poems are: Kenneth Slessor, Selected Poems * Out of Time * Five Bells * Sleep * Five Visions of Captain Cook * Sensuality * Elegy in a Botanical Garden * Beach Burial End of Question 6 In your answer you will be assessed on how well you: †¢ demonstrate an informed understanding of the ideas expressed in the text †¢ evaluate the text’s language, content and construction †¢ organise, develop and express ideas using language appropriate to audience, purpose and form Question 7 – Nonfiction (20 marks) (a) How is your personal response to Orwell’s essays shaped by a perception of voice in these texts? In your answer, refer to THREE of the essays set for study. * George Orwell, George Orwell: Essays The prescribed essays are: * Why I Write * Notes on Nationalism * Good Bad Books * The Sporting Spirit * Politics and the English Language * Writers and Leviathan OR (b) How is your personal response to speeches shaped by a perception of the passion of the speaker? In your answer, refer to THREE of the speeches set for study * Speeches The prescribed speeches are: * Margaret Atwood – Spotty-Handed Villainesses, 1994 * Paul Keating – Funeral Service of the Unknown Australian Soldier, 1993 * Noel Pearson -An Australian History for Us All, 1996 * Aung San Suu Kyi – Keynote Address at the Beijing World Conference on Women, 1995 * Faith Bandler -Faith, Hope and Reconciliation, 1999 * Deane, William – It is Still Winter at Home, 1999 * Anwar Sadat – Speech to the Israeli Knesset, 1977 BLANK PAGE Please turn over Section III – Module C: Representation and Text 20 marks Attempt ONE question from Questions 8-9 Allow about 40 minutes for this section Answer the question in a SEPARATE writing booklet. In your answer you will be assessed on how well you: †¢ demonstrate understanding of and evaluate the relationship between representation and meaning †¢ organise, develop and express ideas using language appropriate to audience, purpose and form Question 8 – Elective 1: Conflicting Perspectives (20 marks) You are speaking to an audience of your peers. Compose a speech in which you demonstrate how your understanding of conflicting perspectives is shaped by the construction of the texts. In your response, refer to your prescribed text and TWO texts of your own choosing. The prescribed texts are: †¢ †¢ †¢ Shakespearean Drama Prose Fiction Drama or Film – William Shakespeare, Julius Caesar – David Guterson, Snow Falling on Cedars – Peter Whelan, The Herbal Bed OR — Barry Levinson, Wag the Dog †¢ Poetry – Ted Hughes, Birthday Letters * Fulbright Scholars * The Shot * The Minotaur * Sam * Your Paris * Red — Geoffrey Robertson, The Justice Game * The Trials ofOz * Michael X on Death Row * ‘The Romans in Britain’ * The Prisoner of Venda Nonfiction * Show Trials * Diana in the Dock: Does Privacy Matter? * Afterword: The Justice Game 10 Question 9 – Elective 2: History and Memory (20 marks) You are speaking to an audience of your peers. Compose a speech in which you demonstrate how your understanding of the interplay between history and memory is shaped by the construction of the texts. In your response, refer to your prescribed text and TWO texts of your own choosing. The prescribed texts are: †¢ Prose Fiction – Maxine Hong Kingston, The Woman Warrior: Memoirs, of a Girlhood Among Ghosts OR – Peter Carey, The True History of the Kelly Gang †¢ †¢ Film Poetry – Stephen Frears, The Queen – Denise Levertov, Selected Poems * Ways of Conquest * Don’t You Hear That Whistle Blowin’†¦ * In Thai Binh (Peace) Province * A Time Past * Libation * A Letter to Marek About a Photograph * The Pilots †¢ Nonfiction or Multimedia – Mark Raphael Baker, The Fiftieth Gate OR Smithsonian National Museum of American History September 11 website End of paper 11 EXAMINERS Pamela Nutt (Convenor) Catherine Anderson Tanya Appleby Nicole Archard Darren Barker Lorna Ciesiolka Marian Henry Katherina Lathouras Alistair Symons PLC Sydney, Croydon St Patrick’s College, Strathfield Tara Anglican School for Girls, Nth Parramatta Kincoppal-Rose Bay, School of the Sacred Heart OLMC, Parramatta Educational C onsultant Marist College, Pagewood Knox Grammar School, Wahroonga Mount St Joseph, Milperra 12

Judges of colorado state Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Judges of colorado state - Essay Example This is a tax policy change resulting in a net returns gain in which, according to the Constitution, voters should approve (Arnold 2). In 1988, the legislature codified the judicial routine commission notion. The legislation formed a statewide commission on judicial performance. This commission oversees the appraisal of county and district court trial judges and assesses the appellate court judges. Due to the formation of this commission, it is likely that some of the judges of the Colorado state will be re-elected. This will be highly based on their performance during their service (Jean 2). The commission follow a certain procedure in assessing judges: reliability; awareness and understanding of substantive, ceremonial, and evidentiary law; communication skills; grounding, consideration, and control over judicial procedures; sentencing practices; docket administration and timely case disposition; managerial skills; regularity; efficiency in working with participants in the judicial procedure; and service to the legal occupation and the public. Based on the above criteria, most of the Colorado judges should not be re-elected. This is highly because these judges do not adhere to the above qualities (Jean 3). The court of Colorado committed further constitutional contraventions, which included assaults on property rights, gun rights, and capsized the death punishment for a convicted hijacker, rapist or murderer since a pair of jurors was suspected to have quoted biblical lines in sentencing discussions (Arnold 3). The Supreme Court has evaluated heavily, essential constitutional issues for instance taxes, schools, and the appropriate function for courts in the last few years. The court has produced contentious written verdicts on these and other concerns that affect Colorado citizens. Voters in Colorado are going to wish for

Mother and daughter relationship in mid 50's Research Paper

Mother and daughter relationship in mid 50's - Research Paper Example Michele Citron’s â€Å"Daughter Rite† and British movie â€Å"Bred and Born† are examples of such portrayals. In the 1900s, there was a lot of disillusionment concerning the institution of marriage and especially family life in America. People had long working hours and children worked in mines and workshops, leaving little or no time for a family life, good relationship between parent and child and working out of marriages. Stephanie Coontz argues that since women could not vote and they had low wages, many turned to prostitution, there was widespread abuse of children by parents as reported by childcare services, and men who divorced their wives gave them no child support. Compared to this, the 1950s were a glorious decade when these trends reversed. The divorce rate fell and the nuclear family emerged; there was a consensus on family morals, values and norms that helped individuals integrate more in their families. This phase was known as the â€Å"compassion ate† one in which women were supposed to be homemakers and loving mothers (Thomas, 2012). It is interesting to look at mother-daughter relationships in the US in this era because for the first time in 100 years, issues with family life and problems of parenting dissipated (Coontz, 1999). However, compared to the 1930s, representations of mothers and daughters changed drastically especially after the wartime years between 1950s and early 60s â€Å"from an idealized dream of the mother as sacrificial lamb to her daughter's social ascendancy to a much harsher nightmare of the mother as malevolent force on her daughter's struggling psyche† (Walters, pp. 69-70). Since the post-war, 1950s came after the Great Depression, and the World Wars, the stresses and turmoil took their toll on mother daughter relationships because there was immense strain on kinship and family networks for support. This period saw communication between the mothers and daughters to become informal and a general role reversal took place where daughters provided emotional care and comfort to their mothers (Forman-Brunell, pg. 197). Many mothers took on the tasks to groom their daughters and marry them off to a rich husband to achieve upward mobility and bring about a change in their economic conditions and so this maternal job was more deterministic than affectionate (Forman-Brunell, pg.197). A psychological phenomenon known as â€Å"mom-ism† soon emerged which caused mothers to be seen as overbearing and smothering and when in post-war 1950s, women were forced to return to â€Å"the cult of domesticity† daughters rebelled and developed hostility towards these suffocating mothers (Forman-Brunell, pg.197). This set the stage for mother daughter relationships to deteriorate further. In in 1950s, it was common for daughters and mothers to wear matching dresses and to dress alike, according to Patricia Beard. This phenomenon highlights the kind of relationship where the gi rls wanted to be more like their mothers and tried to be close to them, act like them etc. However, as they grew older they tried to dress unlike their mothers to establish their own personality and this led to them adopting new fashions. This either caused the mothers to be overprotective and forbid them to wear what â€Å"all the other kids† were wearing or incited a sort of competition in which they began to try looking like their young daughters. (Beard, n.p). Beard describes the â€Å"push and pull nature†

Freedom Writers Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Freedom Writers - Term Paper Example The school teacher comes from a different background then the children. The school teacher is portrayed as coming from a wealthy family with caring parents. It must have been easy for the teacher to attend college and money seems to not be an issue. The teacher obtains a job at a school that is known for having a bad name and not many students that prosper. The school is located in a poorer neighborhood and contains many different genders of teens and minorities. Location has a lot to do with economics of race and gender. Schools that are located in wealthy neighborhoods usually contain students that come from wealthy families. Schools located in less wealthy neighborhoods are likely to contain students from a poorer economic class. The movie portrays economics as referring to race and gender as; white families and students are wealthy and have less problems associated with money and less crime. Minorities such as African Americans, Asians and Latino families are likely on government assistance and struggle financially. With portrayal is shown by revealing struggles that students in poorer communities struggle with everyday. In the movie the teacher does something that no one else has ever tried before. The teacher sees the students outside of race and gender. The teacher fights to get the kids basic school supplies others take for granted. The students need notebooks, textbooks and writing utensils. The school refuses to pay for these items so the teacher takes up a second job and does what is necessary to get the students what they need. Her perseverance is shown to the students and this moves them in a way no one else has. After struggling to show the students that race and gender do not matter, finally she is able to get through to the students. The students accept her for her and then begin to accept each other regardless of social, racial and gender differences. Near the end of the movie, the teacher is able to persuade

Choose an interesting topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Choose an interesting topic - Essay Example As Alice is presented a thimble as a ‘gift’, I think back to the many aspects of my life that lacked meaning, purpose, and direction. Wonderland as a whole motivates us to challenge the traditional social order. Chapter 3 is our first glimpse at Alice becoming frustrated with her life and the community around her. Perhaps she is beginning to question the meaning of life. What exactly the author wants us to think about Alice is not entirely clear to me. I do realize, however, that life does have meaning and it is up to us to seek that meaning out. There is so much I want to do with my life. I think Alice had the same thoughts. As she wanders around ‘Wonderland’ participating is meaningless Caucus Races, she was probably questioning what in the world she was doing. Surely she hoped for something bigger than she was experiencing at the moment. It is not that she did not appreciate those around her, including the animals, but she simply wanted and needed more. In a similar manner, I feel it is important to surround myself with people who can help me locate that meaning in life that truly helps me look for a reason to continue in a forward moving

CJUS 340 Research Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CJUS 340 Research Question - Essay Example es in which one or two/more parties consent to commit a crime that does not hurt or violate a third party are prostitution, suicide, and gambling (McWilliams, 1996). Since no two victimless crimes are similar, these crimes have been categorized as low level or high level victimless crimes. This research seeks to answer the question â€Å"Is there such a thing as a victimless crime? To obtain and analyze data on this question, interviews and questionnaires will be presented to different types of participants who will have been recruited into the study. The targeted potential participants include inmates, junior and senior criminal justice system officers such as investigators and lawyers. Further, perpetrators of the alleged victimless crimes will be interviewed for their opinions and feelings about their crimes. Through face-to-face interviews and correspondence, participants will be able to give their views on this rather controversial issue. This collection of data will be followe d by an exhaustive analysis of the responses given and presentation of the obtained outcome. To be included in the presentation are the numerous recommendations that the participants will have given in response to questions that seek their opinion on the way forward on the issue of victimless crimes. As is the case in any other research, all the ethical and legal regulations will be obsereved and adhered to during the entire research, particularly the data collection and analysis stages, which require conformity to several legal and ethical requirements. For instance, the consent of all participants will be sought and the implication of their participation made quite clear to them. Further, the information given by participants will be treated

Leveraging IT and a Business Network by a Small Medical Practice Essay

Leveraging IT and a Business Network by a Small Medical Practice - Essay Example The case is about Eastern Cardiology Services (further - ESC), which has been founded by Dr. Jeff Curtin with the aim of providing high-quality medical services on the private grounds in the sphere of cardiology. His aim was to create a small enterprise, which will combine the service delivery with the use of advanced computer technologies. The key issues, existing in the company at the very beginning of its operation were the following: 1. The firm had to achieve high level of quality, through the understanding, that often the quality if information delivered to the patient could become a matter of his life-or-death. The issue in this relation was that the small firm like ESC could not afford implementation IT in combination with medical services through trial and effort, as it was usual for large companies. 2. The second issue was related with the fact that the newly opened enterprise had to prove the accuracy of the records given to the patients. As far as the information had to be easily retrievable the newly developed IT had to be connected with the medical equipment for medical investigation - this was a serious matter to resolve. Among the issues, which the enterprise had to face and resolve, were the issues related to the necessity of aligning corporate management with IT use. Thus, it is seen that the main issue, though described here through several separate key problems, are certainly connected with the necessity to implement IT technologies into all spheres of the ESC activity - both directly and indirectly connected with the medical service delivery. These issues are the result of understanding that for SME to survive in the area of medical service delivery, something new and unique should be invented, to distinguish them from the large medical establishments, which mainly display a kind of 'line production' service delivery. One more important issue here was making each consumer feel unique and exclusive, and receive the best service through the IT which the enterprise uses. 4. For the development of the IT necessary to be used in the enterprise, it was important to find the research opportunities, which would satisfy financial demands of stakeholders and result in general improvement of the ESC operation. 5. The management of the enterprise had also to understand that as soon as the IT system was developed, it would have to be constantly improved, as in the process of its implementation and operation new limitations were going to be displayed and thus eliminated. The problem there was that this process needed constant financing, which had also to be agreed with stakeholders. 6. Finally, it was of course necessary proving the benefits of IT implementation to the stakeholders. Thus, in identifying the key problems of the enterprise at that time, it is clearly seen, that the principal strategy developed by ESC was aimed at implementing IT, as the key to its success in delivering medical services. Though the enterprise understood the necessity for such actions, but many factors were simply forgotten

Terrorism in the modern world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Terrorism in the modern world - Essay Example The issue is further complicated when governments adopt violent tactics in the pursuit of their interests, provoking accusations of state terrorism. The quotation mentioned above from Giannini Riotta, speaking as the Deputy Editor of the Spanish newspaper Corriera del Sera, was made in the wake of the September 11th terrorist attacks of 2001 in the United States. The force of his statement is to argue that whereas terrorists formerly tried to gain publicity by staging events that the media could report on, they have now begun to specifically target media networks because in this way a terrorist â€Å"understands that that’s the right way to paralyse our world.† (Riotta, 2005) It is important at the outset to be clear about our definition of terrorism, as opposed to other activities which may involve some degree of violence tied to political motives. Wilkinson identifies five key features of terrorism: 1) It is premeditated and designed to create a climate of extreme fea r; 2) It is directed at a wider target than the immediate victims; 3) It inherently involves attacks on random or symbolic targets, including civilians; 4) It is considered by the society in which it occurs as ‘extra-normal’, that is in the literal sense that it violates the norms regulating disputes, protest and dissent; and 5) It is used primarily, though not exclusively, to influence the political behaviour of governments, communities or specific social groups. (Wilkinson, 1997, p.51) It is clear from each of these characteristics that a key distinguishing feature of terrorism is its intention to reach a far greater number of people than those immediately affected by any terrorist act. The media play a crucial role in providing a mechanism for passing on information, fear and all sorts of ideas from the terrorist group to the public at large. Journalists and editors have a responsibility to report the truth, and considerable lee-way in how they frame the facts and co mment on the issues. It is possible, for example, to report both the concerns of the terrorists and the dreadful consequences of their acts on innocent civilians, thus eroding arguments of terrorists by illustrating their disregard for human life. Journalists are not simply being used by terrorists, because they are responsible for what they write. Schmid and de Graaf focus on the modern mass media’s insatiable hunger for specatacle and drama and recommend a system in which journalists should have a voluntary code of conduct in reporting on terrorism and navigating the many moral dilemmas that arise in this field. Using the example of the 1985 hijacking of TWA Flight 847 by Lebanese Shia terrorists, Schmid and de Graf demonstrate the leverage which was gained by the hijackers, thanks to the mass media filming and commentating of the unfolding events. (Schmid and de Graaf, 1982, pp. 539-555) The visual elements of this â€Å"spectacle† ensured that it remained on televi sions and in newspapers throughout the world over several days while governments negotiated with the hijackers. The media sold many copies and filled many hours of airtime with commentary and debate, and this dependence of Western media on commercial income through sales can lead to a tendency to hype up and sensationalise terrorist activities. In the 1970s and 1980s there was an increase in the number of international terrorist activit

How to Govern Effectively In a Corrupt Society Essay Example for Free

How to Govern Effectively In a Corrupt Society Essay Corruption can be simply defined as an act of dishonesty for the sole purpose of personal gain or selfish interest. It invariably means dishonest exploitations and manipulation of power for personal gains. Again, it means an immoral act of manipulation or depravity of material, power etc for ones selfish interest. To divorce the third world countries from corruption is literally a Herculean task. In as much as corruption, a great social vice, is not only found in third world countries, it is quite peculiar and most profound in these nations. It afflicts all nations with bad leaders, which eventually spreads to other citizens. In any government, be it democratically elected or otherwise, it is almost impossible not to have at least a single corrupt individual in the ruling government. Corruption is a vicious circle, it inhibits development in nations, and thus bestowing such nation a third world country features. There are several types of corruption, which include; Bribery; illegal collection of money or material before doing one’s official duty Graft; illicit and illegal request of things by public office holders. Patronage; misuse of public position. Embezzlement; misappropriation and mismanagement of fund Kickbacks nvolvement in organized crime etc. Other type of corruption apart from and political corruption include; â€Å"Corporate corruption, as the abuse of power by corporate managers against the shareholders or consumers†. Causes of Corruption include; i. Lack of transparency in the government; when the governments’ activities are not easily accessible by the general public, the government tend to mismanage the public’s fund and also indulge in all sort of corrupt practices. ii. Bad leaders; Corruption leaders do not only embezzle, them also do all sort immoral acts while in government. iii. Masses lack of interest in the government; when the general public is not charismatic and is not particular in electing good leaders in to government, it results in corruption. iv. Irresponsive government; when government do not have programs that take care of the welfare and economic affairs of it citizen, citizen tend to take care of themselves in all sort of ways both fraudulent and corrupt ways. v. Weak accountability, lack of timely financial management. vi. Poverty; in a society where poverty is vast, the masses tend to indulge in corruption to improve their finances. However, Political corruption is the most severe type of corruption for it affects not only the political system, it affects the entire economy of the nation. The Economic effects include; In the government, corruption undermines both economic and social development by creating distortions, extortion of the masses and inefficiency in the public office. It also brings about nepotism, which kills creativity and a value of self achievement. In the private sector, corruption simply increases the cost of production through the price of â€Å"illegal payments and the management cost of negotiating with officials†. It also leads to breached agreements, distrust and inflation. In several cases, the masses are the victims of corruption, it results into economic distortions in the public sector by diverting public investment into capital projects where bribes and kickbacks are more plentiful. Again, tax payers money are diverted into private use by corrupt leaders. Social amenities are either not provided or the few available are not maintained. Public â€Å"Officials may increase the technical complexity of public sector projects to conceal or pave way for such dealings, thus further distorting investment. Corruption also lowers compliance with construction, environmental, or other regulations, reduces the quality of government services and infrastructure, and increases budgetary pressures on government†. Types of leaders that could handle Corruptions; The leaders that should be elected to tackle corruption are leaders which are well vast in democratic process. They should be well educated both in the history of their people and the development of democracy in the western world. To take a tip from the philosophers, a true ruler must highly intelligent, learned and well expose to democratic precedents. Again such leaders should be contentious, level headed, god fearing, incorrigible and most especially must be ready pursue democratic due process in all cases. A patriotic leader would not want his/her nation to be backward, hence would fight all corrupts advances proffered towards the development of the nation. Reference Dipo Irele, Corruption the evil against development. University press,Oyo state,Nigeria. 2002

The main ideas presented in Rouenby May Wedderburn Cannan Essay Example for Free

The main ideas presented in Rouenby May Wedderburn Cannan Essay Explore the main ideas presented in Rouen. How effective is it in exploring ideas about the First World War? Consider the structure, imagery and language. There are various key ideas that have been presented in Rouen by May Wedderburn Cannan. She has made a great use of different literary devices to describe her realities of war on the frontline whilst she worked as a VAD nursing injured soldiers. Regarding its wider use in exploring ideas about the First World War; it is a primary source and is about her experiences and the feelings that she had undertaken. Therefore we have first-hand evidence to use to compare and contrast against other poetry of the time. Wedderburn Cannan makes great use of nature and environment to describe and illustrate what she had experienced. She starts firstly by describing her transition to getting to Rouen and then speaks of all the young men with their heart breaking mirth; here she describes them as if they are all having fun and enjoying their comradeship. Thereafter she juxtaposes this idea with the train full of wounded who are being transported away due to the travesty presented thenceforth in Rouen. Men who came from darkness and went back to dark again the continuous work that they had only ended once they had passed. This shows that the sheer realities of death were omnipresent in her service as a VAD. She also makes reference to the King, bugles and our island although not to remember and be proud of them although to forget the eveningswhilst the world slips slow to darkness. Finally, she ends on the note that her heart goes out to Rouen and the trains that go from there. The language that Cannan uses within the poem is very emotive and she makes connotations with different things to help us feel what she is going through. For example the voices of the Indians from this quote we can see a deeper understanding into her ideas about World War One. She also constantly repeats and for effect and to act as a list that the idea of there being neverending problems with the sufferings of the men. This is repeated for every stanza except the last and it could also be seen as a way of her being overwhelmed by the situation emotionally and she just goes on letting it all out. The structure remains extremely mechanical and static throughout with thirteen quatrains; this is primarily extremely unusual for a poem and goes with the idea that she has become repetitive. I think that this fits in with the idea that she feels emotionally overwhelmed and thus due to this, she keeps on with this release in chunks. The poem hasnt been blurted out although it has been well thought and written showing that she must be from a well-educated background such as VADs had been. In Rouen, the persona seems to feels a sense of questioning and disillusionment for the purposes of the war. And the agony and splendour when they stood to save the King?. This shows the feelings that they had towards the War and the leaders who were making this siege in Rouen with such bloodshed. To conclude, I believe that Rouen is a good and effective source to use in order to explore the events of the First World War for women VADs such as Wedderburn Cannan on the warfront such as in the city of Rouen. The language and structure link well with her having a rather mechanical style of writing and that idea that she has become emotionally drained and overwhelmed; and that as an educated lady she has no other way to recapitulate these feelings.

Developmental psychologists

Developmental psychologists Many developmental psychologists maintain that, from a very early age, infants relate to people in a special way, and that this indicates they have a deep understanding of other people. In your view, is this position supported by research studies that have investigated infants understanding of the physical and social world? The main purpose of this essay was to assess whether the research evidence supports the statement that infants have a deep understanding of other people. Although the question related to infants in general, the main emphasis was put on the first year of life as it is believed that this is a period when the most significant changes in infants development occur (Super, 1981). Firstly, the writer attempted to define the term â€Å"deep understanding† which has been seen as crucial for this debate. Then, the focus moved to the nature of infants relationships with other people. Afterwards, the research studies were examined that have investigated infants understanding of the physical world. The aim was to check whether children have a knowledge of objects and peoples physical features, and consequently, if they are able to differentiate between them. Finally, the researches which investigated infants understanding of social world were analysed in order to check how rich infants kno wledge of other people is. The debate of whether infants have a rich knowledge has to be preceded with defining what it means to have a deep understanding. In the case of a physical world deep understanding would be an awareness of physical properties and the permanence of objects, as well as knowledge of how certain actions make an effect on the physical world (Spelke, 1991). However, the definition of the deep understanding of people perceived was more complicated. Surely the ability to recognise that people are different to objects is important as it requires a certain level of understanding. Equally important is also the knowledge of what is going on in other peoples minds and the ability to appreciate that ‘people have emotions, intentions, and perspectives (Striano Rochat, 2000:254). Nevertheless, it has been believed that deep understanding must also involve something additional. This extra quality has been acknowledged by Tomasello et al. (2005:676), who argued that: ‘(†¦) deep understanding of other people requires not only an understanding of goals, intentions and perceptions of other persons, but also in addition a motivation to share these things in interaction with others. The psychologists who perceive children as having a rich knowledge share the belief that infants relate to people in a special way and engage with them differently than with objects. They argue that infants are more likely to direct their intentional behaviours towards people rather than objects because they anticipate that people will understand their intentions and respond to their actions. Trevarthen (ED841, Unit 3) explained this phenomenon by arguing that infants have an inborn willingness to participate in social relationships with other people. As Suzanne Zeedyk stated, the everyday intimate in nature interaction with others creates a context in which infants understanding can develop. In her opinion, thanks to being an object of other peoples attention, children come to know themselves and others. However, the perception of infants as active social partners causes some doubts. Even though Trevarthen seems to be right stating that infants are not just marionettes which can be animated by adults, it is possible that their engagement with people may only create an illusion of spontaneity and understanding (Zeedyk, 2006). Indeed, it has been acknowledged that there is no consensus whether young infants actually differentiate between objects and people and what mechanisms underlay their behaviour. To investigate this issue it was necessary to establish what knowledge about the physical world they hold. The chosen staring point was Piagets study on objects permanence. He argued that if an object is covered by a cloth, infants younger than nine months stop reaching for it and do not attempt to lift the cloth, even though they are physically able to perform this action. On this basis, Piaget argued that for infants younger than nine months, objects exist only while it is perceived or acted upon and it is out of an infants mind when it disappears (Hood Willatts, 1995). These findings are believed to be significant for a debate on childrens understanding of the social world. Contrary to earlier mentioned psychologists, Jean Piaget claimed that young infants do not distinguish between people and objects, but rather treated people as the most interesting of objects and that is why they concentrate on them more intensively. Analogously to object permanence, Piaget argued that children younger than nine months cannot have a deep understanding of other people as their do not have knowledge of peoples permanence. They rather acquire this knowledge at a later stage thanks to their cognitive development and experience (ED841, Unit 2; Baillargeon, 1995; Piaget Inhelder, 1966). Although Piagets theory appeared to be convincing, it has been acknowledged that his experiment has been criticised by other researchers who argued that infants failed this task not because they have not developed object permanence but because there are not able to perform coordinated actions. Therefore, it was difficult for them to coordinate lifting the cloth with their memory for the object (Baillargeon, 1995). To check whether infants hold an understanding of object permanence, Piagets findings have been compared with the results of investigations which did not require coordinated action. An example chosen was Baillargeons drawbridge experiment. This habituation study researched infants understanding of ‘the principle that a solid object cannot move through the space occupied by another solid object (Baillargeon, 1995:104). Baillargeon wanted to investigate whether five month old infants would be surprised by visible objects in the form of a screen rotating back and forth at 180 degrees, which moved through the space occupied by a hidden cube. The assumption was that if infants were surprised it meant that they were aware of the existence and physical properties of the hidden object. In contrast to Piagets study, this experiment indicated that very young infants may have a core understanding of object properties and therefore they should also have the knowledge of peoples permanence (Baillargeon, 1995; ED841, Unit 2). On the other hand, some of the researches stated that the habituation methodology may overestimate infants understanding. For instance, as proved by Schilling, results similar to those gained by Piaget may be obtained simply by varying the number of presentations in the drawbridge experiment. Therefore, Schilling argued that Baillargeon failed to prove that infants have a deep understanding of the physical world (ED841, Unit 2). Also, Cohen referred to the drawbridge experiment by stating that infants ‘may be responding to the apparently impossible event, not because it is impossible, but simply because it is familiar (Cohen, 2001:6). So far it seems that children, especially in the first few months of life, have rather poor knowledge of the physical world and consequently they may also have poor knowledge of other people. The radical change was believed to occur at around nine months of life. However, the research evidence presented by Woodward on six month old infants showed that they have expectations directed towards people, which they do not share with inanimate things. Therefore, he argued that infants not only see people as separate to objects, but also recognise that people have certain goals and intentions (Tomasello et al., 2005). The writer is convinced that at the end of the first year of life, infants understand people as animate beings who spontaneously produce behaviour, but there is no agreement whether they understand the mechanism underlying their behaviour or they are just simply able to predict what people would do. For instance, the research on   infants understanding of goal-directed action s, like for example those of Gregley and Csiba, showed that one year old infants perceive the successful actions as goal directed, but it ‘does not necessarily imply that they appreciate the intentions underlying those actions (Brandone Wellman, 2008: 86). It is believed that the ability to understand that other people have mental states is a part of the so-called theory of mind, which is assumed not to develop in children younger than 4 years (Bretherton et al., 1981). There was a series of research investigating the signs of development of the theory of mind in infants. For instance, Reedy (2007) observed the development of deception among infants. Her findings indicated that eight month old infants are able to deceive, even though in theory this skill does not develop until a child acquires theory of mind. Therefore, Reedy argued that because at around eight months children, for example, fake crying or pretend deafness when called by their mother, which indicates that they have a real understanding of other people. However, Reedy has been criticised for overestimating childrens abilities and misinterpreting infants behaviours. For instance, it has been argued that infants are egocentric. Consequently, children may ignore mothers calls because they are concentrated on themselves and things they are doing in that moment (Carlowe, 2008). More probable seems to be the explanation presented by Baron and Cohen, who stated that young infants are unable to understand what is going on in other peoples minds. However, they argue that at around 6-9 months, infants try to seek other peoples focus of attention by following the direction of their eye gaze. This inborn ability, called the eye direction detector, lets infants note where another person is looking. Subsequently, infants become able to distinguish between their own and other peoples reactions to an object, which is a basis for later theory of mind development. However, it is not clear whether infants perceive other persons eye movements as significant and understand that adults are directing their attention towards an object. It is possible that they just follow other peoples eye gaze without paying attention to the object itself (Meltzoff, 2004, ED841, Unit 2). As mentioned before, Tomasello stressed that understanding intentional actions and perceptions of others is not itself sufficient to talk about the deep understanding of infants. In his opinion, it requires shared intentionality which refers ‘to collaborative interactions in which participants share psychological states with one another (Tomasello Carpenter, 2007:121). His longitudinal study on chimpanzees showed that they were similar to human infants in a whole range of socio-cognitive skills, but in contrast to infants, they do not appear to have shared intentionality. Tomasello therefore stated that infants do not only follow other peoples eye gaze but try to share other peoples attention. The motivation to share attention with others emerges at around the first birthday, which supports the belief that this is the time when more advanced cognitive understanding occurs (Tomasello Carpenter, 2007). Meltzoff emphasised that information about objects and peoples shared intentions towards these objects are acquired through imitation. He argued that to imitate, children have to be able to understand the differences between themselves and others. Even though Piaget argued that infants cannot imitate others until they were 8 to 12 months of age, Meltzoffs research on infants early imitation showed that they are not only able to imitate facial expressions of adults but also recognise when adults imitate them which is a sign of deep understanding. However, the critical analysis of his research indicated that children may imitate adults but not be aware of the fact that they are copying emotional expression. Additionally, Meltzoff examined very young infants and there is a possibility that they might just be trained to imitate from birth (Meltzoff Gopnik, 1993). Summarising, it appears that infants prefer people over the objects, but there is no agreement whether it is a sign of an understanding of other peoples thoughts and intentions or rather an inborn ability to engage in social interactions. Some psychologists, like for example Piaget, argued that very young infants have only basic social abilities. Although infants behaviour cannot only be seen as a set of reflexes, psychologists claim that they have a deep understanding of other people would undoubtedly overestimate their abilities. The most appropriate explanation seems to be that infants are born with rather poor knowledge about the physical and social world; however, they have an inborn ability to interact with other people. Through the everyday interaction with others their knowledge and skills can develop, and consequently, infants understanding of the world becomes deeper.

Artrow of God :: essays research papers

Colonialism is seen as a difficult arrangement that prevents even the best people from acting for the common good. Chapters in which the British officials discuss with one another reveal that while they are not the worst of their type, racism and ignorant condescension more or less come with the territory. On page 174 is a great example â€Å"The white man watched Ezuelu with something like amusement on his face. When the interpreter finished he tightened up his face and began again. He rebuked Ezeulu for showing disrespect for the order of the government and warned him that if he showed such disrespect again he would be severely punished.† The British master plan for governing the Igbo, a plan with which Winterbottom, a seasoned colonial ruler, strongly opposes because it invites exploitation and corruption. The plan is to set up certain African leaders as British spectators. This novel is intercultural because it’s dealing with two different civilizations of society. The two components that exist are modern versus tradition. Achebe is concerned with the toll taken on Igbo people by the replacing of their old beliefs. A lesser son of Ezeulu, Oduchi, is chosen to go a Christian school more or less as a mole to keep his father informed. In a literal and misguided interpretation of scripture, he decides he must crush the head of one of the pythons that are sacred creatures to the Igbo. Achebe is very depictive when writing themes of descriptions of most marriages between characters. He displays this genuine love that exists between the husband and the favored wife, as in the tenderly drawn marriage between Obika and Okuata. On the other hand, the wealthy, greedy Nwaka who opposes Ezeulu at the outset of the book has acquired five wives by the book's end. The position of women within Igbo society is perceived to compromise with polygamy. Older wives often express jealousy of new ones but worse possibilities occur because of the corruption of colonialism. One African elevated to a position of status by the British is said to take any woman he wants without paying the bride price. Within the Igbo culture, women are at highly protected. This is a perfect example of how the language and writing technique communicates to outside readers by using emotions that inform the relations between the races. This novels theme is universal and is capable to relate to readers outside of Africa.

Growing Up in I Stand Here Ironing Essay -- American Literature Tillie

Growing up The oppression of women by society has never been a secret. Many times it has been documented in works of literature, and one classical example of this occurrence is "I Stand Here Ironing" by Tillie Olsen. This story illustrates the consequences of oppression in women's lives. The story leads the reader on an exploratory journey to witness the neglect by Emily's extremely guilty mother. This is described by the children's cry when they are left with strangers, lacking attention and love due to the fact she is a single parent at a time where this was not commonly accepted in the community, causing a lot of emotional distress. The mother's pain and torment is apparent from the very beginning of the story. Her realization that she could have been a better mother, had it not been for the circumstances and life events which occurred following Emily's birth, such as the father who dealt with his parental responsibility by leaving - "Her father left me before she was a year old. I had to work her first six years when there was work, or I sent her home and to his relatives" (Olsen, 373). The mother does, however, continually "shift" back and forth, as the metaphor of "ironing" implies, to invoke pity from the reader and explain that there were other people, and factors which played a significant role in Emily's upbringing. Purposely organized in a non chronological way, it illustrates the shifting, which is the passing back and forth of Emily emotionally (allowing the nursery, school teacher, and hospital staff play the primary care giver) and physically (the baby-sitter, the father's family, etc) distress. Emily's mother seems to be constantly blaming her troubles and circumstances for the less than adequate ... ...one or more of the five senses of the reader. In this short story, the author uses literal language to call up a mental picture in the reader's mind. In the last line of Emily's story her mother says, "Only help Emily to know... that she is more than this dress on the ironing board, helpless before the iron" (Olsen, 373). The image, ironing a dress, compares to actually raising a child. The dress represents the child, the iron is the child's parents and society, and the ironing board is their expectations. The theme this image conveys is that children grow up to become individuals as a result of their interaction with their parents and society, their experiences, and their own insight, not simply being "ironed" in to society's preconceived model. Work Cited Olsen, Tillie. "I Stand Here Ironing." The Story and It’s Writer. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston: Bedford, 1999.

Eye Witness Identification Essays -- essays research papers

Although the phrase â€Å"they all look alike to me† is widely known and used as a joke (Goldstein & Chance, 1985) the implications that the phrase yields may not be as widely understood as they should be. In the criminal justice system, eyewitness identifications can play a major role in the decisions made by jurors even though it has been shown that jurors have little awareness of factors that affect the reliability of eyewitness accounts (Cutler, Penrod, & Dexter, 1990). One such factor is identifications made by people identifying someone of a different race, (when describing race as Caucasian, of African descent, of Asian descent, or Latino), which can be referred to as other-race identification or other-race recognition (Lavrakas, Buri, & Mayzner, 1976). If the phrase â€Å"they all look alike to me†, which states that people of another group appear homogenous, is true for most people then it is possible that other-race identifications should be considered less reliable than within-race identifications. It has in fact been shown that people are more accurate at identifying others of their own race than at identifying others of a different race (Penrod, Shapiro 1986). Since it has been established that the other-race recognition is not always as accurate as within-race recognition, finding the cause for this effect is important. One possible cause is the quantity of experience a person has with another race. People are less accurate at identifying faces of a different racial group than at identifying faces of their own racial group because they have less experience with the other race. We would expect that as the amount of experience a person has with a different racial group decreases the less accurate they will be at identifying faces of that race. It would also be expected that if you raise someone’s level of experience with a different racial group, possibly through training, the ability to identify faces in that racial group should increase. The amount of experience a person has with another racial group should determine how accurate they will be at identifying people of that race. Those who report having large amounts of contact with another race should show better accuracy in identifying people of that race than those reporting small amounts of contact with the other race. In a study done by John ... ...vents the drawing of a firm conclusion. REFERENCES Brigham, John C., & Malpass Roy S., (1985) The role of Experience and Contact in the Recognition of Faces Of Own- and Other-Race Persons. Journal of Social Issues, 41, 139-155. Lavrackas, Paul J., Buri John R., & Mayzner Mark S., (1976) A Perspective on the Recognition of Other-Race Faces. Perception & Psychophysics, 20, 475-481. Shepherd, John, Deregowski, Jan B., & Ellis, Hadyn D., (1974) A Cross-Cultural Study of Recognition Memory For Faces. International Journal of Psychology, 9, 205-211.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Goldstein, Alvin G., & Chance, June, (1985) Effects of Training on Japanese Face Recognition: Reduction of the Other-Race Effect. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 23, 211-214. Anthony, Tara, Copper, Carolyn, & Mullen, Brian, (1992) Cross-Racial Facial Identification: A Social Cognitive Integration. PSPB, 18, 296-301. Shapiro, Peter N., Penrod, Steven D., (1986) Meta-Analysis of Facial Identification Studies. Psychological Bulletin, 100, 139-156. Cutler, B. L., Penrod, Steven D., (1990) Juror Sensitivity to to Eyewitness Identification Evidence. Law and Human Behavior, 14, 185-192.

Chapter 4 Plate tectonics Essay

Chapter 4 plate tectonics Need a Hint? 1.What evidence proved that South America, Africa, India, and Australia were once covered by glaciers? glacial deposits and rock surfaces scarred by glaciers 2. What happens when an oceanic plate converges with a continental plate? The denser oceanic plate slides under the less dense continental plate. 3. A divergent boundary is a boundary between two plates that __________. Move away from each other. 4.Do two colliding continental plates always cause volcanoes? Two colliding continental plates do not always cause volcanoes 5. What clue supported the continental drift theory? The puzzlelike fit of all the continents fossils of Mesosaurus, and similar rock structures on different continents support the continental drift theory. 6. What is the plate tectonic theory? the belief that Earth’s crust and upper mantle is broken into sections 7. What are strike-slip faults? Strike-slip faults occur where rocks on opposite sides of the fault move in opposite or the same directions at different rates. 8.Why was the discovery of no rocks older than 2 billion years old on the ocean floor so important? The discovery of no rocks older that 2 billion years old on the ocean floor proved the theory of seafloor spreading. 9. How do scientists explain the formation of underwater mountain ranges? Scientists believe seafloor spreading explains the formation of underwater mountain ranges. 10. How do scientists use sound waves to figure out the shape of the ocean floor? Scientists use sound waves to figure out the shape of the ocean floor because sound waves echo off the ocean floor – the longer it takes a sound wave to return to the ship, the deeper the water is. 11.How can crust disappear at the edge of a boundary? Crust can disappear at the edge of a boundary when new crust is being added to the other edge of the boundary. 12. What is the difference between normal faults and rift valleys? The difference between normal faults and rift valleys is that rift valleys are formed from normal faults. 13. Who first proposed the theory of continental drift? Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift. 14. What is a magnetic field reversal? a magnetic field reversal is when Earth’s magnetic field leaves the north pole and enters the south pole 15. What do scientists believe is the force behind the plate tectonics theory? Scientists believe the force behind the plate tectonics theory is convection currents. 16. What is a transform boundary? A transform boundary is when two plates slide past one another, often forming fault lines. 17. How does the Mesosaurus fossil evidence support the continental drift theory? The Mesosaurus fossil evidence supports the continental drift theory because its unlikely that the Mesosaurus could swim between continents. 18. What is the lithosphere? The lithosphere consists of the plates that make up the crust and the upper part of the mantle 19.What tool does a scientist use to detect magnetic fields? Scientists use a magnetometer to detect magnetic fields. 20. What happens to rock around a subducting slab? Rock around a subducting slab goes under the other plate.

Unit 332 Engage in Personal Development

building block 332 Engage in private reading in health, social c ar or childrens and young pots settings. OUTCOME 1 1. 1 My responsibilities and duties involve Helping pupils individually and in groups advocate literacy deem numeracy Support science superintend art activities Listening pupils read Support PE lessons Support the use of ICT in learn activities Supervising lineament play activities back up other members of staff Feedback teacher passage on school trips Providing resources for lessons Providing clerical acquit 1. 2 Since National Occupational Standards were introduced, the component part of the TA becomes professional. It specifies the standard of performance we impoverishment to achieve in place of lean to vanquishher with noesis and understanding that we convey to meet standards consistently. What it means is that we need to split all the time in ordination to keep in peace with forever changing demands of the education.Also gaining L evel 3 making gives us great opportunity to maturate to the foundation degree. Teaching assistants should brace qualities similar to be good communicators, use initiative, be a good listener, respect confidentiality, present emotional intelligence, be consistent, have adept of humour, will undertake CPD. OUTCOME 2 1. Practitioners should reflect on their practice in order to achieve good results in professional resurrectment. Being reflective Demonstrates that practitioners atomic number 18 actively concerned about the motors. Enables practitioners to monitor, valuate and revise their own practice unendingly Requires an ability to look carefully at practice in order to develop new skills and understanding Requires an open-minded lieu Enhances professional schooling and person-to-person finis through collaboration and dialogue amongst practitioners What does reflection involves? Reflection in action, or thinking on your feet Reflection on action, or after the w ay out Our thoughts and ideas Our colleagues ideas The views and knowledge gained from our own experiences and that of theoretical literature It tycoon be hard to reflect on practice if we have negative feelings homogeneous anger or anxiety, lack of confidence, questions if my behaviour is consistent with model behaviour. Unrealistic, high expectations I am a perfectionist, reluctance to hope help and admittance to weakness. 2. I reflected on my practice by completing PDP and say 11 questions (see attachment 1 and 2). The aim was to spot where my strengths and weaknesses lie.In what ship canal I have succeeded in classroom and in what ways can I improve? To escort best practice. To see what training skill be necessary. This gives me the chance to build on my strengths and develop strategies to minimise my weaknesses. I in addition did my SWOK analysis (attachment 3). 3. Everyone has distinct values, beliefs and preferences. We might get across people whose views we do non agree, our reaction to the differences and how they travel the way we have is a crucial part of personal and professional development.We need to respect and labour peoples individual views and wishes. Everyones values and beliefs are affected to different degrees by the same range of factors, they might include family values, psychical, social and emotional stages of development, field of study/regional, cultural background, education, employment, religious beliefs and values. They might affect how we relate to people. It is grave that we are advised of how we might behave differently towards people because it could make a difference to the eccentric of our work.Our beliefs and experiences can help us indoors our role. OUTCOME 3 4. 1 It is authorised to incessantly engage in personal development to make sure that we are equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge not only to perform our current role but also to prepare ourselves for emerging day opportunities an d changes required in order to die hard success of our work place. There are ways in which we can envision personal development. through many types of learning experiences.We can attend training event or workshop, studying for a noble qualification, reading a newspaper, journal, even in discussion. In order to aid the continuous learning, we should keep personal development record. Is it important to identify priorities when agreeing to the plan because it contributes to stability and growth. It provides a basis for monitoring progress, and for assessing results and impact. It enables to look into future in orderly and systematic way, provides light up focus.

Compare and contrast Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theories of cognitive development in children Essay

This essay will comp be Piagets and Vygotskys theories of cognitive using in clawren. Also, show the differences betwixt the two psychologists theories. Thus, by showing their similarities like in actors line and edition theories. Further, differences like Piagets theory on cognitive nurtureal breaker gratuitys and the schemas which be build to learn or accommodate new words or things. Vygostkys theory differs to Piagets theory by his socio-ethnical and voice communication theories. Finally, bring all this points together by draw a conclusion. Cognitive developing is specify as the growth of mental faculties from birth to adult age. This is continually move as the boorren go nigh vivification they learn skills, verbiage to further their cognitive maturement. dung are Piaget and Lev Vygotsky were both pursualed in this field and they findings let influenced and impacted the children learn and education in violate way. According to Piaget children cognitive v ictimisation is universal a adjoin which the child goes through and through once and this process is divided into four different pegs sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete trading operations and formal operations (Gross, 2004). Sensorimotor dot beginnings between the birth until two years of age. At this deliver Piaget suggested that children distinguished themselves from headings.Also, they experience their environment through their senses (Gross, 2004). Further, children become to take initiative and be able to unconditioned reflex like kicking playing or avaricious things. In addition, children start to realise that even when the quarry is not visible but shut away exist, which is called object permanence (Beck, 2000). The second stage Piaget called it as preoperational a stage between the ages of two and septet years old. In preoperational stage children are able to aim language to name objects animals and separate things into groups. save their abilities of vi ew at this stage still egocentric because hardily they mountain take the view point of others (Beck, 2000). Also, Piaget divided this stage into two the pre-conceptual and the splanchnic. First, children in preconceptual cannot differentiate colour or size at the same time a process which Piaget called centration. In line of business, Vygotsky named it as complexivethinking moment that when one is grouping things or events according to their commonality features like shape or colour (Gross, 2004). The pre-conceptual stage is between the ages of two to four years.Further, children at this pigboat stage cannot recognise order or sequences (Gross, 2004). Second, intuitive stage takes place between the ages of four to sevener years. In this stage Piaget believed that children cannot understand conservation that still the same when they change their form (Gross, 2004). The third stage is the concrete operational stage which Piaget believed that children at ages of seven to eleven they develop metal abilities of thinking logically (Carlson, 2010). Further, children at this stage understand compensation, reversibility and identity (Beck, 2000). The fourthly and finally Piaget stage is the formal operational at this stage the children grant ability to think top and logically (Gross, 2004). Thus, in this stage young passel go through different changes in their increment meaning that they are cognisant of their decisions making and pickings other peoples opinions. According to Piaget this stage is between the ages of eleven until the adolescent (Gross, 2004). Thus, another different between Piagets theory and Vygotskys theory is the Piaget schemas theory.According to Piaget schemas are divided into three points the assimilation, alteration and equilibration (Gross, 2010). Actually, schemas are defined as mental and physical aspect of thought better children during their life span (Beck, 2004). Assimilation is process when a child adds new training into the ones which are known to her or to him (Gross, 2010). Instead, accommodation inquires adapting and be aware of new and old information. The last one is the equilibration which Piaget believed that a child at this point has the abilities to balance information back and forth in order to do and get the information restored. And the child does it by accommodation and assimilation (Carlson, 2010). In other hand, Vygotsky suggest that language is the fundamental basis for the children cognitive development (Gross, 2010). Also, language is one the factors that influence children to use inner run-in when learning new objects or words (Gross, 2010).But on that point is problem with this theory because other psychologists do not bear this theory. Instead, Piaget argued and suggested that children at that stage are egocentric and have well-nigh form diction limitation. Further, this might explain the children self talk (Gross, 2010). In anotherProcess which Vygotsky explained was the Zone of Proximal development which the child learn skills with help of adults to expand their friendship (Carlson, 2010). Further, Vygotsky also suggested that by children interacting with their family members helps them to become better verbally (Beck, 2004). Furthermore, Vygotsky come with theory of scaffolding which is explained that parents or adults should support their children y solving problem step by step without causing them frustration. By doing that when children show some form of improvement of master those skills, parents should then vary the children by themselves (Carlson, 2010).But Piaget contradicts this theory by suggesting that children at this they cannot think properly (Gross, 2010). Vygotskys suggested that there are three processes which parents pass their knowledge through their children counterfeit learning, instructed learning and collaborative learning (Beck, 2004). Imitative is when children do or copy what their role models do. Further, the instruct ed learning is when the child does what he or she was told by adults or puts it into practice. another(prenominal) point is the collaborative learning when a group of children work together to learn or to pass on a goal (Gross, 2010). Contrary to Piagets theory, was the socio- cultural theory which Vygotsky suggested that, the environment in which the child grows plays an principal(prenominal) role in cognitive development of the child. In addition, Vygotsky went on by suggest that children learn from historic people in their life, like parents, teachers and friends or family members which are as role model in their point of view (Gross, 2010).This contradict Piagets cognitive development stages theory which he believed to be universal, and what the child goes through or what she or he learns at every age is the same everywhere in reality and for every child (Beck, 2004). Looking at how Piaget and Vygotsky went about to explain their theories one can found contrast and similarit ies. Vygotsky centre in importance of language and how they went on learning how to resolve problems. In addition, Vygotskys theories lacked replete evidences to support them and for this reason they were not tested (Beck, 2004). Meanwhile, Piaget discover his own children when playing to support his theories (Gross, 2010). Further, Piaget had less interest on the social development theory. But Vygotsky focused on the social part of the cognitive development (Gross, 2010).Overall, there are differences between the Piagets theories and Vygotskys theories but insome point there were similarities. For instance, Vygotsky focused mainly in socio- cultural suggesting that where the child grows has vital role on his cognitive development. Whereas, Piagets theory were more related to schemas and stages of cognitive development which Piaget suggested that they were universal. But both agreed that language is weighty and that teacher were important for childs cognitive development. In bra ve, Piagets theory and Vygotskys theories have improved and gave better understanding of children cognitive development and also in the education.ReferencesBerk, L. E. (2000). Child Development. 5th ed. mum Allyn & bacon. Martin, G. N., Carlson, N. R., & Buskist, W. (2010). Psychology. 4th ed. EssexPearson Education. Gross, R. (2004). Psychology The science of mind and behaviour. tertiary ed. Tonbridge Hodder & Stoughton. Piaget, J. (1950). The Psychology of Intelligence. New York Routledge Classics.

Srs of Library Management

packet emergencys precondition For A- distort cable car-driven subr kayoedine classme depository depository subr show upine depository subr turn kayoed(a)ine program depository depository program depository program library focal point constitution stochastic vari subject 1. 2 wide-awake by A-FLEX sort step to the fore Jude Marlon B. Alegro 111694 telecommunicateprotected com Arnel G. Abagua 082198 emailprotected com Jun Jun G. Abanag 102206 emailprotected om Ronaldo R. Arbes 061491 emailprotected com Amado C. burn 101078 emailprotected com teacher Prescilla F.Catalocal ara communicate p bentage & year BS in studyive tuition applied science 3 memorandum TTH 730 900 AM visualise April 16, 2013 mesa of content sur digit paginatei mesa of contentsii t sufficient of figuresiii Revisionsiv 1 intro5 1. 1 gear up d deliver inclination5 1. 2 carrefour image5 1. commentarys, Acronyms and abridgments5 1. 4References6 1. 5Ov er contemplate6 2Over on the hearty translation7 2. 1 cros wrongg prospect7 2. 2 harvest- prison term us subjectity8 2. 3 procedurers and Characteristics8 2. 4 hold egress surroundings9 2. 5 human body and carrying break Constraints9 2. 6 appliancer livelihood10 2. 7Assumptions and Dependencies10 3 divergeicularized Requirements11 3. 1 international larboard Requirements11 3. 1. 1exercisingr portholes 14 3. 1. 2Hardw atomic chip 18 Interfaces. .. 14 3. 1. 3 bundle arrive atment Interfaces 14 3. 1. 4 talk Interfaces.. 15 3. 2 utilitarian Requirements 15 3. 2. 1bibliothec enforce shells. 5 3. 2. 2 shop overhaul hygieni f on the whole place the sackt practice Cases. 19 3. 2. 3 resumeer expenditure Cases. 24 4 some opposite(a) Non-functional Requirements27 4. 1Per plaster bandageance Requirements27 4. 2 natural rubber and credential Requirements27 4. 3 parcel role Attri preciselyes28 4. 3. 1Functionality 28 4. 3. Usability. 28 4. 3. 3 undeviatingness.. 28 4. 3. 4Suppor oral contraceptiveility.. 28 issueendum A instruction lexicon. 30 attachment B assort put d proclaimarithmarithmarithm. 31 InDEX. 33 hire across of draws turn 1 place particulari passeling draw7 anatomy 2 rule environment9 human body 3 briny port wine11 trope 4 enter localise for bibliothec12 intent 5 shop shop help put up for federation13 foretell 6 shop assistant institutionalise14 bibliothec go for Cases15 go in in 15 lumber stunned.. 16 front retain.. 6 get laid harbour.. 17 up participation in influenceationbase. 18 pass employment Cases19 poundarithm in 19 enter out.. . 9 a handgrip phonograph tempering . 20 guinea pig bind.. 21 heel counter hold back.. 21 match defend 2 modify entropyrmationbase. 23 relieveer exercising Cases24 recordarithmarithm in 24 accept solar solar day eon bunk finish up-and- involve.. 24 pass along dispel 5 Revisions strain old generator(s) definition of mutation look immaculate 1. 2 Jun Jun G. Abanag, Jude The revision of this SRS was by dint of with(p) by betoken. misconduct 04/16/13 Marlon B. Alegro corrections to twain(prenominal) part of the instrument were subscribe to amply apprehend an undefiled figurer bundle Requirements particular(prenominal)ation. m each contract features were remove beca habituate it was un blockadeed collectible to emergencyiness of age and preparation. Some miser satisfactory deep down in trackation in chapters were in any role change by reversal and mental object page was revised. Fin comp alvirtuosoowelyy, to finish the SRS, hence auxiliary B and big businessman were added. Introduction 1 enumeration Purpose This softw be come Requirements spec auditio describent erect a ace exposition of tot tot bothyy the functions and unique(predicate)ations of the be sick, A- strain machine-driven subroutine library prudence body. It result apo poundise the aim and the features of the arranging, the porthole of the administration, what the es chiplishment leave al adept do, the restraints chthonic which it essential operate and how the organisation get out act to outside(a) stimuli. This instrument is intend for both of the s get toholders and the developers of the outline and exit be proposed to the College library of Samar College. harvesting Scope The A-Flex automate library attention musical arrangement impart be intentional for the bibliothec, the be giveng and shop assistants and crabbedly for the account account sustainmans of SC library to maximize their outputivity by providing tools to assist in automating the achievement and doing enter in supervise genuines sop uping and locomote of al-Qurans and contrastive library materials assessing the delinquent count and instauration of statistics and reports, which diametricly confine to be perfo rmed manual(a)(a)ly in an run-of-the-mine chance(a) basis.More specific plainlyy, this formation go out drop out a au pastcetic drug drug substance ab substance ab drug exploiter to manage, mould and oversee the entropy and attendance of the shop hightail its, the posture of the passwords and early(a)(a)(a) library properties and the library al-Qurans of the immortalizeed hold inmans to the library. except the chafe to these capabilities pass on seem on the substance ab drug habitr perk of an account. It entrust mechanic solely toldy result statistical reports es impairmentoutlish on the entropy stored in its cogitate entropybase which is up viewd consistently. thereof the softw be lead ante up an calm down to do these t acquires that atomic f be 18 life-sustaining in managing the library. Definitions, Acronyms and abridgments legal professionrier Definition Borrower both individual who wishes to seize paroles interior the naturalise library. take to the woods out any aroundvirtuoso who assists the bibliothec in forgiv fitting tasks undeni satisfactory performed inwardly the library. Da sheetase A hookup of all entropyrmation produced by the body. bibliothec A soul who is assign trusty in slackly managing the direct library. QR label straighta right smart resolution ordinance, a role of take out encrypt/encrypted polity that get out be employ for the bem routine in appellation conclusions. Requirements Refers to the what the mathematical harvesting has to do, non the how it is be d mavin. SC Abbreviation of the epithet of the educate where the dust volition be proposed. The Samar College SRS figurer softw ar Requirements specifications.A instrument that all told tells all of the functions of a proposed arrangement and the constraints infra which it essentialiness(prenominal) operate. For example, this muniment. Stakeholder close to(p renominal) soul with an hobby to the bem implement besides is non a developer. drug exploiter all soulfulness who operates or interacts at once with the harvest-feast. VB opthalmic Basic, a structure/scheduling softw atomic do 18 apply in creating the agreement XAMPP An covering exit to endure a association amongst the harvest-festival and its entropybase. 4 References IEEE. IEEE Std 830-1998 IEEE Recommended figure for softw atomic modus operandi 18 return Requirements specializedations. IEEE take iny reck championr Society, 1998. IEEE The relevant IEEE standards ar bring in in IEEE Standards Collection, 2001 edition. Bruade The of import kick despatch of text material is estimator softw be platform An Object- point side by Eric J. Bruade (Wiley 2001). Reaves SPMP Softwargon swan circumspection formulate Jacksonville situate University figuring and study Sciences sack up approach adapted Alumni Da assayase. Jacksonville subj ect University, 2003. 5 OverviewThe pursuit chapter, the general explanation plane section, of this memorial feed ins an overview of the functionality of the fruit. It describes the on the loose(p) requirements and is employ to establish a scene for the expert requirements specification in the close chapter. The leash chapter, Requirements Specification section, of this document is create verbally primarily for the developers and describes in expert m unrivalledtary value the details of the functionality of the product. both sections of the document describe the like softw be product in its wide-cutty, only when are intend for contrary audiences and and so affair opposite language. overall definitionThis section tolerates a much(prenominal) elaborated overview of the administration, including a interpretation of the products functions and overarching constraints. 1 Product Perspective A Flex modify library wariness dodging record 1 mount di agram As shown in the class 1, A-Flex alter library direction governing body (A-Flex ALMS) is allaylance from opposite brass and has trio spry actors and whizz selective groomingrmationbase (where all information is stored and retrieved from). The Borrower, sa littlehop clerk and the bibliothec accept a get out to rile the library corpse. However, the bibliothec exclusively has the favour to door the informationbase, i. e. eleting, modify and/or adding much(prenominal) records and devising reports. A-Flex ALMS put ons fundamental interaction Model, a hire Case plot, to sop up stakeholders comfortably view the clay unconscious process. 2 Product Functionality The product has the followers study functionalities alter log in of pupils into the library automated espousal and reversive of paroles Enables to show the consideration of the hands Enables the clerk to custom-make the payable clip of go intensitys for photo modeling purpos e Enables the exploiter to essay for a particular keep exploitation the frames redundantized constituent(a) attend locomotive engine QR law image digital s great dealner functionality infobase selective information depot 3 dors and Characteristics thither are essentially lead riding habitrs for the corpse and are expect to be reck whizzr-literate the seize bingler, as this jump is be make so plain the authorized lymph node for this organization who wishes to embrace materials in the library. The scholarly souls of the discipline are non scarce the take overer, expertness and different employees of Samar College who are in the chassis of the trails employees, for curb, whitethorn acquire accommo hears if they give confine to bibliothec, this hold in volition serve as their record of adoption. The borrower whitethorn as well as be a student from early(a) educates, that are ask to register (P 50. 0) to informs vertical flute to entranceway a fringe benefit and utilize the offered 8 hours operate the bibliothec, the primary(prenominal) social occasionr of the formation who manages the library and its selective informationbase and amenable for activities such(prenominal) as adding view as records, deleting agree records, modify phonograph record stead such as if view as is turn outd and and so on the clerk, the assistant bibliothec and alternate engager of the ashes who has a countenance to sum restrains, they are pass judgment to build a divers(prenominal) immwholey as to bibliothec. 4 direct Environment XAMPP impinging from proposed governing body come across 2 operate environmentThe constitution go out be operated in the Samar College program library, as it was proposed to. When the economic consumptionr interacts into the arrangement, the ashes depart pass the partr to the infobase, by dint of XAMPP v. 3. 0. 12 which allows Windows program to ship info to and from the database to record either interaction of the applyr. 5 Design and execution of instrument Constraints The current constraints on the tolerate are link up to the planning of computer hardware resources to implement and trial high- mental process features. At present, an Intel Dual-core processor is requisite, with a 2 GB RAM, serves as the server, with XAMPP hurry on trespass of the Windows 7 outgrowthal scheme.For break off performance analysis, a exit of give shit seats would be adept for the student release smart set. The hardware that the forecast bequeath be running play on whitethorn constrain fewer jut out decisions pertaining to real prison term and performance, as well as the s evictners verity. Also, received require hardware at heart the library imposes specific requirements on the despatch. The quest is a inclination of an orbit of constraints pertaining to the the true of the library form The information of all the droprs must be stored in a database that is tender by the dodge. The students must stand logged in upon entrance the library earlier they corporation borrow materials or harbours. The bibliothec besides has the prerogative and function for the organisations guarantor and privacy. shop assistant and bibliothec subscribe to distinguishable claims upon utilize the formation. local area ne twainrk is non implemented. BIOS of the formation structure block should be functional to get the real while in bring out of the arrests to the borrowers. 6 engrossr Documentation The partr stub comfortably go out of the manipulation of the governance with a ingestionrs manual to be delivered with the establishment.The manual would be stabilizing with the roughly subterfuge shoots at heart it. exploiter elicit comfortably discoveren operation of the scheme by demonstrationing akin shortcuts on controls for unbiasedx task. Contacts total of t he developers impart be tending(p) to the coach librarian for merely attend to when mazy problems arise. 7 Assumptions and Dependencies A take of factors that whitethorn relate the requirements stipulate in the SRS let in The maprs take in capable cognition of computers. The exploiters feed the face language, as the drug absubstance ab wasting diseaser interface bequeath be grantd in English. hardware and constitution specifications capacity non compatible. administration cleverness non back up by the operative constitution. It is fictive that librarian and/or clerk mightiness freeze their countersignature for record in. Specific Requirements 1 out-of-door Interface Requirements below is a careen of enumerated requirements that proffers additional specifications for the behaviour and functionality of the scheme. 1 implementr Interfaces employ this trunk is slightly simple and intuitive. A habituater, who has a familiarity with raw material log in navigation, should be able to translate all functionality fork overd by the agreement.As check 3 shows, the user with diametric privileges discount straightaway select his oeuvrestation, with gibe shortcuts for survivals, so that the scheme whitethorn give the user an assenting to these and whitethorn let the non be able to use those of privilege he normally should non realise. pic examine 3 primary(prenominal) interface If the user selects the reliant librarian (Ctrl + L), form at once and soce attain him as bibliothec, a Server, and act 4 allow for appearance with a pop-up form that lets the bibliothec to welcome a common chord (3) attempts of log in. If the user failed to log in successfully, organisation hence go out mechanically shuts down. pic guess 4 record station for bibliothec If the user selects the dissipate gain (Click + C), transcription outrighta age hence fall upon him as shop assistant and portend 5 so entrust exhibit inquire for an IP extend sin target to rich soul a partnership to bibliothec Workstation, server. pic course 5 salesclerk station for federation As the work workstation has successfully attached to its server, indeed Figure 6 at present ordain be vauntinged. permit the shop assistant to log in, as comparable of bibliothec, if the shop clerk failed to log in successfully it rear mechanically shuts down. pic Figure 6 shop assistant station 2 computer hardware InterfacesSince the strategy bequeath be installed in a carrouselical anaesthetic world ne dickensrk (local area network) for roll up data from the users and in like manner for modify the depository library outline and devising reports, it is recommended by the developers, in order to give way a upper limit consumption of the administration, that the library should reach the following at least one(a) camera for students easy put down in and see of record contains printer for do reports and computer whole(s) for the clerk Workstation(s). The librarian wherefore has to find out the number of units whether the librarys clerks would use. 3 packet package InterfacesThe frame go forth use only one international software, XAMPP v. 3. 0. 12, for the radio link mingled with the frame and database. The arrangement has a create in QR ( fast response) codification Reader. 4 communication theory Interfaces The agreement go out be installed and run in a LAN of computer units. 2 Functional Requirements This section provides the expound count of all product operation with their gibe specific use upshot. 1 librarian corporeal exertion Cases 1 apply field of study log in plot picture interpretation The bibliothec deviles the carcass of rules, and erect do confuse tasks. initial gradual definition out front this use suit of clothes burn down be initiated, the librarian has already set up or watchful the units to b e apply. 1. The librarian hits Ctrl + L, the pickax log in for a librarian. 2. The carcass shows the pop-up login for the librarian. 3. The librarian selects the log in. 4. The dodging records the info into the database. 2 give eccentric somebody put down out plat legal brief translation The librarian is indite off the dodge. initial bit by bit verbal description in the lead this use grammatical slickness evict be initiated, the librarian has already successfully logged in. 1. The bibliothec clicks his name at the odd crystallise of the form. . The ashes displays the pop-up handicap for log out. 3. The librarian selects the OK onlyton. 4. The body records the info into the database. 5. The bibliothec has logged out. 3 utilization display instance calculate bind plat outline exposition The bibliothec gets the number of binds and info. sign stepwise rendering beforehand this use guinea pig apprize be initiated, the librarian has already s uccessfully logged in. 1. The librarian selects the form for applys, borrowers, and so on so chose the saucilys. 2. The formation displays the heel of view ass and shows the divergent categories. 3.The bibliothec selects the folk. 4. The remains gets the selected fellowship to dataset and at the alike quantify records it. 5. The administration displays the matched password(s). 6. 4 social function deterrent example protrude reserve plot truncated rendering The librarian is able to secrete the watchword(s) to the borrower(s). sign bit-by-bit verbal description beforehand this use suit kitty be initiated, the librarian corroborate the borrower that he has a authorize registration. 1. The outline bibliothec explorees the legers in the tendency. 2. The trunk displays the make of books and shows whether the book is jousted and/or purchasable. a.If the books re-create is much than one (1) and is visible(prenominal), the bibliothec sets the deli nquent witness/ prison term. b. If the book is non obtainable repayable to nearly reason, the arrangement allow mechanically warns the bibliothec that the call for book(s) is non operable and and then(prenominal) leave alone automatically gives the reason(s). 3. The governance gets the receivable(p)(p) visualise/ clipping to be preserve to the database. 4. The musical arrangement leave alone give a tab that the movement is successful. 5 map slight(prenominal)on up duration database draw brief commentary The librarian cute to do whatsoever tasks the he/she involve the data be manipulated in the database.He or she in like manner weed up interpret the database. initial bit-by-bit interpretation forrader this use faux pas so-and-so be initiated, the arranging has corroborate that the bibliothec is logged in. 1. The placement displays categorised plectrons of the entire data. 2. The librarian selects the mob. 3. The placement gives ot her options of that selected category. 4. The dodge gets the selected category to dataset and at the uniform judgment of conviction records it. 5. The remains displays the matched selected category. 2 work intake Cases 1 manipulation chemise pound in plat apprize comment The clerk admission feees the schema, and th downstairs mug do motley tasks. sign little by little description before this use grapheme lowlife be initiated, the shop clerk has already set up or prepared the units to be use. 1. The bibliothec hits Ctrl + C, the option log in for a shop clerk. 2. The governance displays the pop-up login for the clerk. 3. The shop clerk selects the log in. 4. The dodge records the info into the database. 2 function matter put down out diagram apprise definition The shop assistant is sign language off the agreement. initial stepwise description forwards this use faux pas buns be initiated, the work has already successfully logged in. 1. The cler k clicks his name at the left(p) top of the form. . The body displays the pop-up checkout for log out. 3. The work selects the OK button. 4. The body records the info into the database. 5. The salesclerk has logged out. 3 example grounds front book plat apprise description The shop assistant gets the disposition of books and info. initial stepwise explanation out front this use suit rump be initiated, the salesclerk has already successfully logged in. 1. The work selects the form for books, borrowers, etc. then chose the book. 2. The clay displays the list of books and shows the polar categories. 3.The salesclerk selects the category. 4. The brass gets the selected category to dataset and at the same while records it. 5. The carcass displays the matched book(s). 4 habit national passing book plot drawing exposition The salesclerk is able to issue the book(s) to the borrower(s). initial in small stages verbal description in advance this use conting ency dope be initiated, the shop assistant affirm the borrower that he has a validate registration. 1. The carcass work searches the books in the list. 2. The schema displays the list of books and shows whether the book is listed and/or usable. . If the books imitate is more than one (1) and is available, the salesclerk sets the receivable(p)(p) date/ duration. b. If the book is non available delinquent to round reason, the form result automatically alerts the clerk that the communicate book(s) is non available and thereof bequeath automatically gives the reason(s). 3. The frame gets the overdue date/ beat to be enter to the database. 4. The formation go away give a confirmation that the movement is successful. 5 enforce fiber happen book diagram drawing comment The work repossesss the book he/she has borrowed. initial gradual explanation before this use shield shtup be initiated, the shop clerk, now as borrower, must relent the book on c ondemnation. 1. The shop clerk himself whitethorn retrogress the book he has borrowed. 2. The shop clerk selects the Borrowed tab on the Borrowed form. 3. The dust forget display on the power storage-battery grid the borrowed books including his book. 4. The shop clerk whitethorn show the book with QR enroll, or he may manually put the price of admission number of the book. 5. The organization them leave check for its due date and epoch, evaluates the beat consumed for punishment if the clerk wasnt able to return the book on conviction. 6. The arrangement records info into the database.Note solely bibliothec assistants in the directs library are workings students, so therefore they may close tohow be a borrower. 6 uptake expression score plot instruct commentary The salesclerk adds around info, it expertness be adding books or borrowers to the database. initial bit-by-bit interpretation beforehand this use bailiwick shag be initiated, the clerk has disposed(p) permit from the bibliothec and consequently he has already data to be stored in the database. And he has successfully logged in to the clerks form. 1. As he logged in, the clerk clicks the adjoin tab on the works workstation. 2.The constitution displays an option on whether what the clerk wants to add or store. 3. The clerk chooses an option. 4. The form displays necessary data to be make full out whether its both a tonic book or sore borrower. 5. The strategy then evaluates the scuttlebutt before storing to the database. a. If the infallible data is unloadd, the agreement displays a communicate misfortune as nonice of a advanced data. b. If roughly infallible data is missing, otherwise, a communicate stroke impart be displayed to report that some important data are not in good order modify out. 7 function wooing update database plat legal brief commentaryThe salesclerk modifies some data that are stored in the database. sign step-by- step explanation originally this use eccentric someone keep be initiated, the work s send packingned some info, king in the book or borrower, and is haywire. 1. The work selects the modify tab on the shop clerks workstation. 2. The placement displays the pop-up options of the data to be updated to be edited. 3. The governance displays the info that the clerk treasured to update. 4. after(prenominal) the clerk choke off the correct records, the transcription then allow display the updated data of a contract record. 3 Borrower uptake Cases 1 Use facial expression lumber in plot instruct translation The Borrower, if student, logs in finished the electronic discernner by swapping their IDs with QR Code. former(a)wise, if the s fecesner is not available he stop manually stimulation his student number. The faculty who wants to borrow has no record of put down in but they contract to provide an gasbag that the librarian refers to. sign gradual Description Borrower enters the library. 1. The Borrower looks for the involve book(s) to borrow. He terminate ask the clerk to search the book(s) through the formation. 2. The governance displays the feasible results for the remark info. Use case Borrow Diagram abbreviated Description The Borrowers, any a student or faculty, borrows their need book. initial stepwise Description Before the Borrower burn down stick out the requisite book(s), he successfully logged in in spite of appearance the library. 1. The salesclerk selects the tab for borrowing at bottom the salesclerks workstation. 2. The musical arrangement displays the required data to be fill out for the borrowing. 3. aft(prenominal) the shop assistant or bibliothec hits the OK button, the agreement exit evaluates the borrower if he or she has due book(s) that not yet been returned. 4.The clay displays the card and due date and m of the borrowed book(s) upon the request of the work for borrowing the book the n records it to the database. 3 Use case make it Diagram truncated Description The Borrower returns the book he or she has borrowed. Initial bit by bit Description Before this use case can be initiated, the shop assistant Borrower must log in inside the library. 1. The Borrower asks anyone among the salesclerks for reversive assistance. 2. The work selects the Borrowed tab from the Borrowed form. 3. The form provide display on the grid all the borrowed books including his book. 4.The Clerk may scan the book with QR economy or he may manually arousal the gateway number of the book. 5. The form them leave behind check for its due date and time, evaluates the time consumed for punishment if the Borrower wasnt able to return the book on time. 6. The system records info into the database. Other Non-functional Requirements 1 cognitive process Requirements 1. solution date The pleach scalawag should be able to be unfold within seconds apply a Windows 7 32-bit operate scheme and at least 1 GB repositing (RAM). The information is brisk e genuinely two minutes. The entranceway time for the computer unit should be less than a minute.The system shall reply to the fragment in not less than two seconds from the time of the request submittal. The system shall be allowed to take more time when doing astronomic touch jobs. 2. decision maker/bibliothec resolution The system shall take as less time as workable to provide service to the executive director or the librarian. 3. Throughput The number of legal proceeding is in a flash dependent on the number of users, the users may be the bibliothec, employees of the program library and to a fault the the great unwashed who use the subroutine library for checking-out books, returning(a) books and checking library account. . alternative recitation The resources are circumscribed match the user requirements and overly fit in to the books pass on by the users. 2 preventative and prote ctive covering Requirements The server on which the subroutine library organization resides impart hasten its own surety to maintain wildcat release/ take away gateway. there is no breastwork on read penetration. The use of email by an Author or commentator is on the lymph node systems and then is external to the system. The PC on which the Clerk resides lead seduce its own security. only(prenominal) the editor in chief leave behind clear physical access to the machine and the program on it.There is no special protection construct into this system other than to provide the editor with write access to the Library arranging to disoblige reports. 3 package forest Attributes 1 Functionality logarithmon Capabilities The system shall provide the users with logon capabilities. Alerts The system can alert the bibliothec or the administrator with notifications regarding the stance of the books and in case of any problem. 4 Usability The system shall allow the u sers to access the system from a complete leaf node or its derivative instrument technologies for universal inquiries of the students.The system uses another(prenominal) computer unit for the client interface. The system is user friendly. 5 reliability The system has to be very reliable due to the splendor of data and the restoration incorrect or broken data can do. approachability The system is available nose candy% for the user. The system shall be operational 8 hours a day and 7 days a hebdomad. verity The accuracy of the system is contain by the accuracy of the quicken at which the employees of the library and users of the library use the system. approach Reliability The system shall provide one C% access reliability. 10 SupportabilityThe system numberers shall take in to considerations the following supportability and technological limitations. information shelter Requirement The system shall support the information security requirements. concern The preca ution of the system shall be do as per the living contract. Standards The cryptography standards and appellation conventions willing be as per the American standards. appendix A Data Dictionary Borrower both person who wishes to borrow books inside the give instruction library. Clerk whatsoever person who assists the librarian in nipper tasks needed performed inside the library. Database A show of all data produced by the system. Librarian A person who is appoint amenable in chiefly managing the school library. QR Code Quick Response edict, a fictional character of bar command/encrypted code that will be apply for the project in identification purposes. Requirements Refers to the what the product has to do, not the how it is be take overe. SC Abbreviation of the name of the school where the system will be proposed, the Samar College SRS package Requirements Specifications.A document that completely describes all of the functions of a proposed syste m and the constraints under which it must operate. For example, this document. Stakeholder each person with an come to to the project but is not a developer. drug user both person who operates or interacts straight with the product. VB optical Basic, a building/ computer programming software use in creating the system XAMPP An masking used to work a connection among the product and its database. appurtenance B company log Notes taken during our front conflux with Jun, Arnel & Marlon on January 23, 2013. question the librarian query the library employees extrapolate the full stop of data in the library visualise the processes used in minutes in the library new design lan network create a push down plan including 3 units for 3 displace of the whole system 3 displace Admin station, Clerk postal service, record in Station provides photocopies of genuine documents from the library lift up the penalty system of the library copy the list of bo oks list the staple fibre requirements package Requirements Specification for paginate 12 clear the QR electronic scanner modify run the system Should we travail this for antithetic run system environment? We might need licenses, ask if necessary. wedded our budgets, this is the surpass we can do. implant up servers. Began tone through test cases allow work on SRS Jun Abanag Created QR code samples for ID impart work on SRS. Marlon Alegro. ordain work on SRS. Jun Abanag. get out work on SRS. scrummage see 2/8/2013 Marlon Alegro Downloaded commissioned software. Worked on SRS. go out work on feedback to nail down SRS. Nicholas continue Worked on SRS. result work on feedback to settle SRS. Jun Abanag & Marlon Alegro Worked on SRS. result wait on feedback from instruct to steady down SRS. multitude activities nightlong sessions (starts at 10 in the eve up to 5 in the aurora 7 hours) roughly of us founder part time jobs during day time and we have different records for parcel engineering so we used our time to work during eve and midnight because of the crabby schedule during day time.We spend septet hours during midnight to work on our system and the SRS. ? Alegro conformity one a calendar workweek ? Abagua residence hall one a week 11/15/2012 11/18/2012 11/19/2012 11/23/2012 12/4/2012 12/12/2012 12/15/2012 radical endureings Since we have different schedules for software package Engineering, we tense up to play off up during free hours. And well-nigh of the generation we are not complete because of the engross schedule. So what we do is two of our company couplet check up at certain time and the other one would establish it to the other fragment when they meet.So in that way we can transpose ideas flat though we dont meet properly. Afterwards, the other few members will overly closure up with updates from the new root word discussion. ? Samar College, doubly a week. each Mo nday, Wednesday and Friday ? Alegro lobby one a week ? Abagua domicile one a week 11/15/2012 11/18/2012 11/19/2012 11/23/2012 12/4/2012 12/12/2012 12/15/2012 index number A pound out (use case), A Flex ALMS, 5, 7, 8 Clerk, 19 add up book (use case), 22 Librarian, 16 Assumptions and Dependencies, 9 O B Operating environment, 9 book, (use case) overall Description, 7 Borrow, 24 Overview, Product, 6 expiration, 21, 1 7 pursuit, 16, 20 P tax return, 21, 25 transaction Requirements, 27 Borrower, 5, 7,8 Product Functionality, 8 C Perspective, 7 Clerk, 5, 8 use cases, 19 Q station, 14 QR (Quick Response), 5, 13 circumstance Diagram, 7 Communication Interface, 15 R References, 6 D Reliability, 28 take (use case), 7 Requirements Document purpose, 5 outside(a) Interface, 11 Functional, 15 E Other Non-Requirements,27 External interface, 11 Performance, 27 golosh and tribute, 27 F Specific, 11 Functional Requireme nts, 15 drive away book (use case), 21, 25 Functionality, 8, 28 S I Safety and Security Requirements, 27 Interfaces SC, 6 Communication, 15 bet book (use case), Hardware, 14 Clerk, 20 software package, 14 Librarian, 16 drug user, 14 Software Interface, 14 break through, 17, 21 Software attribute Attributes, 28 Specific Requirement, 11 L SRS, 6 logarithm in (use case) Stakeholders, 6 Borrower, 24 Supportability, 28 Clerk, 19 Librarian, 15 U Use cases Borrower, 24, 25 Clerk, 19, 20, 21,22, 23 Librarian, 15, 16, 17, 18 User, 5, 6, 8 characteristic, 8 documents, 10 interfaces, 9 X XAMPP, 6, 9, 14 Borrow books Librarian Clerk chase User System Database Librarian update database record in article Borrower Issue book DATABASE Issue books take word address efface obligate update Librarian admit admit embarrass embarrass let in Librarian Search book log out Return books logarithm out Libraria n Log in Librarian Log in